Ethiopia’s rice production has grown steadily since the 1970s, reaching 268,224 tons in 2020/2021. The Fogera Plain, a major rice-producing region, has strong potential for rice-processing expansion but faces challenges in grain quality, competitiveness, and supply chain efficiency. Rice processing adds value, supports incomes and employment, and strengthens rural economies. This study analyzes the structure, performance, and constraints of the Fogera Plain rice-processing sector, focusing on milling technologies, market dynamics, and operational challenges. Data on machine distribution, processing capacity, technological adoption, and value-chain factors were used to assess milling efficiency and its implications for producers and processors. N90 and NX110 mills dominate the sector (42.64% and 18.60%). Between 1998 and 2023, an average of 6.15 new machines were installed annually, reflecting a 5.25% mean growth. One-pass Engelberg machines account for 75.97% of mills, followed by two-pass SB series (23.25%) and multilevel machines (0.78%). Poor maintenance and limited processing knowledge reduce efficiency, increase breakage, energy use, processing time, and costs, and lower market value. Farmers face high transport costs and limited market access, while processors often act as buyers and traders. Milling is concentrated November–February, and maintaining optimal paddy moisture (12–16%), skilled labor, and efficient machinery is critical. The sector has strong growth potential but is constrained by outdated technology, quality control issues, and supply chain inefficiencies. Enhancing competitiveness requires policy support, strengthened cooperatives, post-harvest management, and educational programs. Premium rice production offers higher returns, but adoption may remain limited without targeted interventions.